The face of tiredness in insomnia from the self-perspective : a focus on attentional and interpretative biases

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Objective sleep and personality : commentary on Johann et al. Perfectionism and Polysomnography-Determined Markers of Poor Sleep

Commentary on Johann et al. Perfectionism and polysomnography-determined markers of poor sleep

Everything at once, or nothing at all

Issue Section: First Person Account

Sleep associated monitoring on awakening mediates the relationship between cutaneous body image dissatisfaction and insomnia symptoms

INTRODUCTION: This study examined the relationship between dissatisfaction with cutaneous body image and insomnia symptoms, incorporating the mediating role of monitoring for signs of poor-sleep on awakening and throughout the day. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-one participants completed The Insomnia Severity Index, Cutaneous Body Image Scale, and subscales of the Sleep Associated Monitoring Index. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that insomnia symptoms were significantly associated with a greater dissatisfaction with cutaneous body image. Moreover, this relationship was partially mediated by sleep associated monitoring on awakening, but not throughout the day. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide further understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying negative self-perceptions of physical appearance in insomnia

Impact of Organizational Justice on Job Satisfaction of Banking Employees

The aim of this study was to inspect the relationship between organizational justice and employee job satisfaction. Privatize banks (ABL, UBL, SCB, Kasahf ,Alfalah) were selected for the study 100 questioners were distributed among the banking employees out of which 53 were received back with the response rate 53%. Finding of this study shows that distributive justice has positive and significant impact on job satisfaction. The analysis also revealed that procedural justice has significant negative relationship with job satisfaction. Practical level of organizational justice can enhanced the level of job satisfaction. Keywords: Organizational Justice, Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, Banking Employees

Perceptual Differences in Emotionally Ambiguous Neutral Faces Among Individuals Displaying Clinically Significant Insomnia Symptoms

Many psychiatric populations present deficits in the processing of neutral faces. While insomnia is associated with perceptual alterations of facially expressed fear, sadness, and happiness, the perception of neutral faces have not been explored in this population. This study compared normal sleepers and individuals experiencing insomnia symptoms in their expression intensity ratings of neutral faces. A total of 56 normal sleepers scoring <5 on the Insomnia Severity Index and 58 individuals experiencing clinically significant insomnia symptoms scoring ≥15 on the Insomnia Severity Index (19.24 ± 3.53) observed 12 neutral facial photographs from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database. Participants rated the extent to which each face appeared as attractive, sad, happy, trustworthy, approachable, healthy, and sociable. The results revelated a main effect of group, F(1,117) = 4.04, p = .047, and expression, F(7, 819) = 39.08, p = .001, on intensity ratings. While no significant Group × Expression interaction was confirmed, F(7,819)=1.03, p = .41, simple effects analysis determined that those experiencing insomnia symptoms rated neutral faces as significantly more attractive (34.30 ± 14.82; t(117) = −2.73, p = .007; Cohen’s d =  0.50) and happy (34.83 ± 13.87; t(117) = −2.23, p = .028; Cohen’s d =  0.41) compared with normal sleepers (Attractive: 26.89 ± 14.76; Happy: 28.90 ± 12.48). The present outcomes tentatively suggest that individuals experiencing clinically significant insomnia symptoms differentially perceive neutral faces when compared with normal sleepers. These outcomes present potentially negative psychosocial implications for those with insomnia

Depression mediates cutaneous body image and facial appearance dissatisfaction in insomnia

This study examined the relationship between dissatisfaction with cutaneous body image and facial appearance with symptoms of insomnia whilst incorporating the mediating role of anxiety and/or depression after accounting for co-morbid sleep disorder symptoms. Participants (n = 241) completed online measures assessing insomnia symptoms, anxiety and depression symptoms, and satisfaction with cutaneous body image and facial appearance. Symptoms of insomnia were independently related to greater dissatisfaction with cutaneous body image and facial appearance in univariate analyses. However, linear regression analyses determined these relationships to be partially mediated by depression, but not anxiety. Expanding on prior research, these findings suggest that whilst increased symptoms of insomnia may influence dissatisfaction with cutaneous and facial features, these relationships may be partially attributed to the experience of depressive symptoms often co-morbid with both insomnia and dermatological complaints. Treatment approaches for individuals with insomnia may benefit from targeting and improving negatively appraised aspects of physical self-perception

Sleep-related attentional bias for faces depicting tiredness in insomnia: evidence from an eye-tracking study

Study Objectives: To date, evidence of an attentional bias in insomnia has mostly been obtained through reaction time tasks, with a limited number of studies using eye tracking. Here, using an eye-tracking paradigm, this study sought to determine whether individuals with insomnia display an attentional bias for novel faces depicting tiredness. Methods: Individuals with insomnia (n = 20) and normal sleepers (n = 20) viewed a series of face pairs depicting neutral and tired expressions each for periods of 4000 milliseconds. Eye movements were recorded using eye tracking, and first fixation onset, first fixation duration, total fixation duration, and total gaze duration were examined for three interest regions (eyes, nose, mouth). Results: Significant group × face interactions for total fixation duration and total gaze duration indicated that, regardless of interest-region, participants with insomnia spent more time fixating on and observing tired faces relative to neutral faces when compared with normal sleepers. Additionally, significant group × face × interest-region interactions for total fixation duration and total gaze duration indicated that participants with insomnia spent more time observing the eye region of the tired faces than the eye region of the neutral faces when compared with normal sleepers. Conclusions: Individuals with insomnia display an attentional bias toward tired faces, more specifically for the eye region compared to normal sleepers. These findings contribute to our understanding of face perception in insomnia and provide more objective support for cognitive models of insomnia, suggesting that individuals with insomnia selectively attend to faces for tiredness cues

Qualitative Examination of Daytime Monitoring and Selective Attention in Insomnia

Purpose Insomnia is partly maintained by selective attention and monitoring for cues that indicate the presence of a poor night’s sleep. However, little published work examining the role of selective attention in insomnia from a qualitative perspective exists. Methods Eleven participants with DSM-5 insomnia disorder completed semi-structured interviews.Results“Thematic analysis” revealed two prominent, yet interrelated, themes: impairment to daytime functioning and selective attention and monitoring. Perceived difficulty initiating and maintaining asleep during the biological night was accompanied by increased efforts during the day to complete mundane tasks. In addition, reports of consciously selectively attending to sleep-related cues on awakening were frequent, and for some this behaviour extends throughout the day. Conclusion The current outcomes provide first-person support for cognitive models of the disorder. Treatment approaches may wish to target and alleviate selective attention in insomnia